Signs of skin cancer are easily recognizable, and causes growths and changes in skin surface and color. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas can be invasive and disfiguring, and melanoma is among the deadliest of all cancers. Most cases are caused by outdoor sun exposure, sunlamps, and tanning beds. It is important to check the body for signs of skin cancer on a regular basis.
Basal cell carcinoma makes up 90% of skin cancers. It appears as a shiny or pearly bump, flat scaly patch, or a darker, scarlike lesion. Basal cell carcinomas grow very slowly over months or years and don’t spread into other parts of the body.
Squamous cell carcinoma appears first as a red nodule or crusty lesion known as actinic keratosis. This particular malignancy can arise in other organs that contain squamous cells, such as the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts. People with light-colored skin who have a history of sun exposure are the most likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma.
Melanoma is a fast-spreading cancer that begins in the melanocytes, or pigment cells, and causes 79% of all skin cancer deaths. It may begin as changes in a mole or as a completely independent growth. This cancer is usually found on the torsos of males and the lower legs of females, areas typically exposed to the sun. Melanoma can invade the lymph system, which can spread it to every part of the body.
The American Academy of Dermatology developed the A-B-C-D-E system for spotting signs of skin cancer, particularly melanoma. A is for asymmetry, B for irregular border, C is for a mole that is more than one color, D is for a diameter larger than a pencil eraser, and E is for a mole that changes, or evolves, over time. Scaling, itching, or bleeding may also occur. These signals should be brought to the prompt attention of a physician.
If skin cancer is caught early, it is very curable. Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas are easily removed by punch biopsy or excision. Early-stage melanomas that have not spread can be completely removed along with surrounding tissue. Later-stage melanomas will require surgery to remove affected lymph nodes, as well as chemotherapy.
Prevention is important and includes staying out of the sun during peak times of the day, usually between ten a.m. and two p.m. In places such as Australia and Africa where sunlight is stronger, hats are often worn along with copious amounts of sunscreen to protect the face, ears, and neck. Tanning booths are carcinogenic and should be avoided. A monthly all-over skin check is recommended to watch for signs of skin cancer and can be performed at home with the aid of a mirror.