What is Chronic Periodontitis?

Chronic periodontitis is a form of bacterial-based periodontal disease that affects the teeth and gums. Generally associated with neglectful oral hygiene, chronic periodontitis progressively deteriorates the inner structures of the oral cavity and increases a patient’s risk for complications, including respiratory impairment and stroke. Treatment for chronic periodontitis is wholly dependent on the severity of the condition and centered on averting additional tooth and soft tissue deterioration.

Periodontitis may be easily diagnosed with a visual examination of the mouth. Aside from evaluating the amount of plaque, a dentist also assesses the degree of gum deterioration by gauging the space between a patient's teeth and gums. Moderate to severe chronic periodontitis generally contributes to a pronounced gap that allows for bacteria to collect and the deterioration of the soft tissues.

Neglectful oral hygiene allows for plaque accumulation, especially along the gum line. Hardened plaque, known as tartar, causes inflammation and the onset of a common oral issue known as gingivitis. As gingivitis progresses, the gums recede from the base of the teeth allowing for the accumulation of bacteria within the newly formed cavity. The invasive bacterial infection destroys the soft tissue, contributing to the deterioration of bone health and evolving into advanced periodontal disease. Though chronic periodontitis may be genetic, the most common contributory factors include regular tobacco use, dietary deficiencies, and certain systemic diseases such as diabetes.

Red, swollen, or bleeding gums are generally considered to be initial signs of early-stage periodontal disease. As periodontitis progresses, individuals may develop gum sensitivity and persistent, foul breath. Continued bacterial buildup promotes gum recession, pus formation, and spatial widening between affected teeth and gums. Over time, a worsening of symptoms can easily lead to tooth loosening and eventual loss.

Periodontal disease that remains untreated can contribute to significant complications. If infection spreads to the bloodstream, it may affect other parts of the body. Depending on where the infection settles, individuals may be at an increased risk for arterial irritation and narrowing that compromises pulmonary and cardiovascular function. Advanced gum disease also dramatically increases one’s chance for pneumonia, stroke, and heart disease.

Initial treatment for chronic periodontitis generally involves a professional dental cleaning to remove bacteria and tartar. It is not uncommon for an antibiotic to be given to help eliminate existing bacterial infection. Severe cases of chronic periodontitis may necessitate surgery that can include soft tissue and bone grafts to replace diseased tissue and reinforce loosened teeth.

It is important to note that, in most cases, the best prevention for chronic periodontitis is proactive self-care measures. Regular brushing and flossing can go a long way to prevent plaque buildup and gum irritation. Eating a healthy diet and limiting one's consumption of acidic and sugary products also promotes good oral health. It is especially important for individuals who knowingly possess an increased risk for periodontal disease to take proactive measures to prevent symptom onset.