What is a Urinary Obstruction?

A urinary obstruction can describe one of many different conditions that disrupt normal urine flow from the body. Infected tissue, calcified stones, tumors, or congenital abnormalities can all result in obstructions somewhere along the urinary tract. When an obstruction is present, an individual may have difficulty urinating, pain in the abdomen or lower back, and groin swelling. A person who experiences any possible symptoms of urinary obstruction should visit a doctor right away. Early detection and treatment provide the best possible chances of recovery without long-term kidney damage.

Obstructions can develop anywhere in the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the bladder to the urethra. Both males and females of any age can experience urinary problems, but some types of obstructions are more common in certain groups than in others. Infants and children are at an increased risk of bacterial infections due to their weak immune systems and lack of personal hygiene skills. Pregnant women often have problems related to weight gain, hernias, and weakening bladder muscles. Men with kidney stones or enlarging prostates can experience painful obstruction symptoms as well.

Less common causes of a urinary obstruction can include tumors, blood clots, congenital defects, and direct trauma. A cancerous or benign tumor in the urinary tract or close enough to put pressure on it can impede urinary flow. If the kidneys, bladder, or urethra are malformed due to genetic conditions, a person may have lifelong struggles.

Decreased output and weak streams are the most common symptoms of a urinary obstruction. A person may also have frequent urges and burning sensations while urinating. Symptoms of lower back pain, cramps, and swelling tend to gradually worsen over time if treatment is not sought. Hematuria, or blood in the urine, may be noticeable as well.

A doctor usually decides to perform a number of different diagnostic tests when a patient reports symptoms of a urinary obstruction. X-rays, ultrasounds, and other imaging tests can help identify such physical abnormalities as tumors, stones, or an enlarged prostate. Blood and urine tests are helpful in identifying the presence of bacteria or excess mineral buildup. Endoscopic tests may be necessary if other exams are inconclusive.

Treating a urinary obstruction depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, oral medications are all that is needed to clear up infections, loosen blood clots, or relax bladder muscles. Some kidney and bladder obstructions can be relieved with a plastic shunt that helps open damaged passageways. Surgery may be necessary in the case of a cancerous tumor or a very large stone. When obstructions are found early, most people experience full recoveries within a few days or weeks.