What is Ophthalmia Neonatorum?

Ophthalmia neonatorum is a type of eye infection that develops within the first few weeks of life. A newborn with the condition typically has severe swelling around his or her eyes, eye redness, and thick discharge. Most cases of ophthalmia neonatorum are caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea infections passed on from mothers, but other bacteria and viruses can potentially result in symptoms. Medicated eye drops and topical ointments are usually effective at clearing up infections in two to four weeks.

Infants are highly susceptible to eye infections shortly after birth. In most modern hospitals, newborns receive eye drops containing silver nitrate and antibiotic solutions to help prevent infection. Certain bacteria and viruses encountered while passing through the vaginal canal, however, can still cause ophthalmia neonatorum despite routine eye drops. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the most common causes, but genital herpes, streptococci, and other agents can also produce infections. Rarely, a congenital tear duct defect or obstruction can produce inflammation and swelling without an underlying infection.

Ophthalmia neonatorum is usually not obvious at the time of birth or eye drop administration. Symptoms of puffiness and redness tend to develop some time between the first and fourth week of life. When chlamydia or another bacterium is responsible for infection, a thick, sometimes bloody pus drains from the eyes. An untreated infection can cause serious damage to the corneas and possibly cause blindness, but such complications are uncommon. It is important to speak with a specialist at the first signs of an infant eye infection.

A doctor can usually diagnose ophthalmia neonatorum with a simple eye exam. Pus and an eye tissue scraping are collected and analyzed to determine the underlying pathogen. After making a diagnosis, the doctor can administer the appropriate antibiotic or antiviral eye drops or ointments. He or she can also explain the importance of cleaning the infant's eyes with a washcloth during the recovery phase to prevent recurring infections. With treatment, most infections heal in less than a month without causing lasting health problems.

A pregnant woman who knows that she has chlamydia, gonorrhea, or genital herpes should consult with her doctor about treatment options before giving birth. In many cases, ophthalmia neonatorum can be prevented by treating or suppressing the mother's sexually transmitted disease. Finally, an obstetrician may consider a cesarean section if the mother has a severe, active vaginal infection when she is nearing her due date.